The period commonly known as the Renaissance (1400-1600) began in Florence, Italy. It represented a renewed interest in Greek and Roman art and literature. The greatest achievements in art during this period were the perfection, use of colors, and effects of light and shadow. Artist across Europe improved on the ancient artists' techniques as no other period had done. The learned were studying Greek and Roman to read the ancient literary classics. There were many advances in science and technology, discoveries in the New World, and changes in religion. The growth of universities throughout Europe helped create a more educated middle class that was to take over running the government within the following centuries. Europe had come out of the Dark Ages. This idea of rebirth in learning characterized other epochs in history in different parts of the world.

In A.D. 800, Charlemagne became king of the Franks and initiated the Carolingian renaissance, which lasted unit the end of the ninth century. This period saw beautiful and more modern cities patterned on Roman architecture. Charlemagne stimulated learning and the development of the arts, sponsored a palace academy, established a curriculum in schools for the nobility, created libraries (a carryover from Alexandrian Egypt of 323 B.C.) and changed writing to an improved style of script.

Kievan Russia also enjoyed a century of rebirth some two hundred years later under the able rule of Yaroslav the Wise. Like Charlemagne, he founded schools, established libraries, and brought about many architectural achievments.

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